# # # # At the end of each month the SoPD writes a post which provides an overview of some of the major pieces of Parkinson’s-related research that were made available during November 2022. The post is divided into 10 parts based on the type of research: Top 5 pieces of Parkinson’s news Articles of general interest Basic biology Disease mechanism Clinical research New clinical trials Clinical trial news Conferences/lectures Other news Review articles/videos # # # #

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So, what happened during November 2022?

In world news:

November 11th – The cryptocurrency exchange FTX (once valued at $18 billion) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, in a collapse that affected the entire cryptocurrency environment.

 

November 15th – the world’s population of humans reached 8 billion.

November 16th – NASA launches Artemis 1, the first uncrewed mission of its Space Launch System, the most powerful rocket ever to reach orbit. The onboard Orion capsule orbits the Moon before returning to Earth, as a demonstration of planned human missions. The image below is of the far side of the moon visible beyond the Orion spacecraft on the  21st November:

 

November 29th – Biotech companies Eisai and Biogen published the results of their Phase 3 study of Lecanemab. They reported that it “reduced markers of amyloid in early Alzheimer’s disease and resulted in moderately less decline on measures of cognition and function than placebo at 18 months but was associated with adverse events” (Click here to read more about this).

 

November 30th – OpenAI released a prototype of an artificial intelligence chatbot called ChatGPT, capable of answering questions and write essays in real time…. is this the end of the Science of PD?

In the world of Parkinson’s research, a great deal of new research and news was reported:

In November 2022, there were 901 research articles added to the Pubmed website with the tag word “Parkinson’s” attached (9785 for all of 2022 so far). In addition, there was a wave to news reports regarding various other bits of Parkinson’s research activity (clinical trials, etc).

The top 5 pieces of Parkinson’s news

1. The STAT-PD clinical trial results:

Publication of the JP Moulton/Cure Parkinson’s supported STAT-PD study results:
A 2-year evaluation of simvastatin in 235 individuals with Parkinson’s reports that the treatment did not have a disease-modifying effect; This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled futility analysis conducted across 23 sites within the UK; Primary end point was MDS-UPDRS part III score measured while not on meds; More information on the trial can be found by clicking here (And click here to read the results).

 

2. Taking the STING out of Parkinson’s:

New research found that chronic activation of the Stimulator of interferon genes (or STING) innate immunity pathway is sufficient to cause degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Adult mice producing high levels of a hyperactive form of STING resulted in less dopaminergic neurons. Biotech companies are developing agents that inhibit this pathway, with some considering Parkinson’s as a potential indication for their drugs (Click here to read more about this).

 

3. The results of the KARMET study were published:

Constipation is a major unmet need in Parkinson’s. The results of the KARMET study have been published by the biotech firm Enterin. This was a randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2b study (N=150; For more information on the study, Click here). The results demonstrated that 25 days of treatment with ENT-01 was safe and improved constipation, but also improved levels of psychosis in a subset of participants (Click here to read more about these results and click here to read a previous SoPD post on this topic).

 

4. Autophagy promotes cell survival by maintaining NAD levels:

New research demonstrated an evolutionarily conserved role for autophagy in cell survival by maintaining nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels. Scientists demonstrated that uncontrolled depletion of the NAD ultimately contributed to mitochondrial membrane depolarization & cell death. Normal levels of autophagy is required to keep NAD-targeting enzymes like PARP and Sirtuin families in check (Click here to read more about this).

5. Can a fiber-rich diet influence microglial function?:

New research in mice found that a fiber-rich diet can influence microglial function in a preclinical model of Parkinson’s. Mice producing high levels of Parkinson’s-associated α-synuclein had reduced motor deficits and less α-synuclein aggregation when placed on a high fiber diet. And the effect was specific to microglia because depletion of microglia (using a CSF1R inhibitor) eliminated the effect (Click here to read more about this).

 

Articles of general interest

• I am really enjoying the Reflections on Parkinson’s podcast “ABC of PD” series. The most recent episode explores the letter G, specifically GBA & genetics (Click here to listen)
• Hype or hope? A recent video panel discussion on the disease modifying potential of new therapeutic interventions – from the European Parkinson’s Therapy Centre (Click here to see the video)
• Colonel Guy Deacon CBE completed his epic journey through Africa raising funds for Parkinson’s research – what a legend! (Click here to read more about this).

• Researchers discuss the importance of listening to & involving those volunteering to take part in clinical trials for advanced therapeutic medicinal products in Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).
• Interesting “Clinical Trial Highlights” section in the Journal of Parkinson’s disease on aerobic exercise for Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).
• A great recent video from Laurie Mischley on natural therapies & nutritional requirements for Parkinson’s:

 

Basic biology news

• New research reports SARS-CoV-2 drives NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human microglia (via spike protein); MCC950 significantly decreased microglial inflammasome activation, & increased survival infected mice (Click here to read more about this).
• Researchers report 6 cryo-EM structures of lipidic α-Synuclein fibrils, revealing how lipid molecules bind directly to the fibril surface (Click here to read more about this).
• Fun fact: C. elegans has exactly 8 dopamine neurons & they each have a name (ADEL, ADER, CEPDL, CEPDR, CEPVL, CEPVR, PDEL, & PDER). Also: infections of Cryptococcus species induce degeneration of dopamine neurons & accumulation of α-synuclein in C. elegans (Click here to read more about this).

• New research reports that Parkinson’s-associated Leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2) regulates UNC-104-dependent axonal transport of Arl8-positive vesicles (in Drosophila); VPS35, RME-8, & INPP5F may be upstream regulators of Lrrk (Click here to read more about this).
• New study systematically investigated the molecular, physiological, & behavioral alterations in the striatum mediated by two different Parkinson’s-associated LRRK2 pathogenic mutations in knock-in mouse models; Increased synaptic PKA activity in R1441C mice, but not G2019S mice (Click here to read more about this).
• Intracellular accumulation of Parkinson’s-associated α-synuclein preformed fibrils promote nitric oxide synthesis, which triggers S-nitrosylation of microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP1A), leading to impairment of NMDAR-dependent glutamate responses (Click here to read more about this).
• Mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of human substantia nigra from Parkinson’s patients identifies multiple pathways potentially involved in the disease; Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins decreased in PD brain; 4/5 mtDNA-encoded proteins trend lower in SN of PD (Click here to read more about this).
• Researchers report that manifestation of lipid peroxidation is prevalent in synucleinopathies & is likely to be due to increases in unsaturated membrane lipids; Implications for Parkinson’s? (Click here to read more about this).
• Researchers present an integrative analysis revealing the structural basis for transcription activation of orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 & Nurr1-RXRα heterodimer; They propose a set of signaling pathways for the constitutive transcriptional activation (Click here to read more about this).

• New paper describes a structure-based approach to identify small molecules that specifically inhibit the surface-catalyzed secondary nucleation step in the aggregation of Parkinson’s-associated α-synuclein (Click here to read more about this).
• New paper uses hiPSCs to delve into the “temporal sequence of SNCA-induced pathophysiological events in order to discover early, & likely causative, events” in Parkinson’s; A lot to unpack here (Click here to read more about this).
• Enhanced activity of Alzheimer’s-associated variant of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) drives cognitive decline in a mouse model; A new study also finds PKCα levels & phosphorylation of SAP97 is increased in the frontal cortex of AD patients (Click here to read more about this).
• New research finds that increased aggregation rate is not directly due to a change in the structural conformations of Parkinson’s-associated α-Syn, it is also influenced by a reduction in both the water mobility & α-Syn mobility (Click here to read more about this).
• Intronic enhancers of the human Parkinson’s-associated SNCA (alpha synuclein) gene predominantly regulate its expression in brain in vivo; DYT6 gene product THAP1 & its interaction partner CTCF identified as transcription regulators of SNCA (Click here to read more about this).
• “DOPAnization”: Recent data finds that tyrosine hydroxylase hydroxylates α-synuclein at Tyr136 (both in vitro & in vivo) & this may contribute to oligomer/seed formation causing neurodegeneration; Implications for Parkinson’s? (Click here to read more about this).
• New research reports astrocytic alpha-synuclein pathology with unique post-translational modification signatures unveiled across Lewy body disorders (Click here to read more about this).

• New data finds Parkinson’s-associated LRRK2 & PINK1 have opposing effects on the tyrosine hydroxylase–dopamine pathway, & their balance affects dopamine neuron survival; Metirosine corrects G2019S-LRRK2 neurodegeneration (Click here to read more about this).
• New research presents a role for mitochondria in amplifying TNF-mediated NF-κB activation (involves recruitment of LUBAC), both serving as a signaling platform, as well as a transport mode for activated NF-κB to the nuclear (Click here to read more about this).
• Parkinson’s-associated Parkin deficiency exacerbates fasting-induced skeletal muscle wasting in mice (Click here to read more about this).
• New research uses single-cell transcriptomics to reveal novel factors important for human midbrain development; Amazing resource for future of molecularly defined hESC-derived cell types in Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).
• Researchers demonstrate that pericytes efficiently internalise fibrillar α-synuclein (irrespective culture conditions); Highlights potential role of brain vasculature in Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).
• New research shows how an AI-based model “can generalize to predicting α-synuclein spreading patterns from several distinct brain regions & can even estimate their origins” in preclinical models of Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).
• New research finds that Parkinson’s-associated LRRK2 protects macrophages against erastin-induced ferroptosis cell death; The kinase function of LRRK2 plays a key role against ferroptosis (Click here to read more about this).

• New research finds that direct, dynamic and functional interactions between autophagy & ubiquitin-proteasome system components contribute to the regulation of mitophagy; Subunit of 20 S proteasome, PSMA7, is required for PARK2-PARK6-mediated mitophagy (Click here to read more about this).
• Microglia & astrocyte activation is region-dependent in an α-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson’s; α-synuclein-dependent neurodegeneration promoted the appearance of cells with a CD11b+CD45high phenotype (Click here to read more about this).
• New data suggest that acute adenosine accumulation interplays with dopamine release to orchestrate protein kinase A (PKA) activity in striatal spiny projection neurons & proper striatal function during locomotion (in rodents); Implications for Parkinson’s? (Click here to read more about this and click here to read the press summary of this study).
• New research finds Cyclin Dependent kinase 5 regulates cPLA2 activity; New research explores this in the context of Parkinson’s (transg. mice & human); New insights for targeting neuroinflammation caused by hyperactive cPLA2 & CDK5 (Click here to read more about this).
• Paper reports Parkinson’s-associated LRRK2 regulates UNC-104-dependent axonal transport of Arl8-positive vesicles (in Drosophila); Note: PD-related genes VPS35, RME-8, Auxilin, & INPP5F are also involved in Arl8 dynamics; Neuroaxonal transport of vesicles (Click here to read more about this).
• Morpho-functional changes of nigral dopamine neurons in an α-synuclein model of Parkinson’s; Aged Snca+/+ rats have DA neurons with smaller soma & dendritic arborization, plus increased firing activity & more (Click here to read more about this).

• New “vexed” research presents a previously uncharacterized gene, CG42339, disruption of which results in decreased dopamine neurons in flies, locomotor dysfunction & increased AGEs, + excessive activation of innate immune response. The human orthologs of “Vexed” is Somatomedin-B and thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein (SBS-PON); Also, limiting nitric oxide signaling rescues dopamine neuron loss in the “vexed” mutant brains (Click here to read more about this).
• Selective neurodegeneration generated by intravenous Parkinson’s-associated α-synuclein pre-formed fibril administration is not associated with endogenous α-synuclein levels in rodents (Click here to read more about this).

Disease mechanism

• Manipulation of magnetic nanodiscs with weak & slow alternative magnetic field (50 mT at 10 Hz) can activate neurons (via transient receptor potential canonical channels), which are mechanosensitive ion channels widely expressed in the CNS (Click here to read more about this).
• New research finds intermittent fasting protects against Alzheimer’s like pathology in a transgenic mouse model (5XFAD) by altering metabolism through remodeling of the gut microbiota (Click here to read more about this).

• The blood-brain-barrier is really no longer an issue: Researchers present a non-neutralizing anti-insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) antibody (“Grabody B”) for getting alpha synuclein-targeting antibodies into the CNS in a Parkinson’s model (Click here to read more about this).
• Researchers confirm interaction between nicotine & synaptic-vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C); Nicotine-mediated rescue of α-synuclein toxicity requires SV2C (in flies); Implications for clinical trials in Parkinson’s? (Click here to read more about this).
• New research reports acrolein, an aldehyde that is significantly elevated in Parkinson’s patient serum, enhances autophagy by promoting lysosomal clustering around the microtubule organising centre via a newly identified JIP4-TRPML1-ALG2 pathway (Click here to read more about this).
• AAV-mediated neuronal expression of a scFv antibody selective for β-amyloid oligomers (AAV-NUsc1) protects synapses & rescues memory in Alzheimer’s models (Click here to read more about this).
• New research presents a penetratin-derived peptide that reduces the membrane permeabilization & cell toxicity of α-synuclein oligomers in models of Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).
• Citronellol – a natural acyclic monoterpenoid found in the essential oils of Cymbopogo plants – protects “dopaminergic neurons through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic & autophagy modulating properties” in a model of Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).

• CSF1R-mediated myeloid cell depletion (using PLX5622) prolongs lifespan (delayed disease onset & reduced inflammation) but severely impaired motor functions in a model of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA – click here to read more about this).
• Optically-generated focused ultrasound (OFUS) for noninvasive brain stimulation with ultrahigh precision; OFUS generates a transcranial ultrasound focus at 15 MHz with an ultrahigh lateral resolution of 83 µm(!) via a soft optoacoustic pad (SOAP – click here to read more about this).

 

Clinical research

• The Metagenomics of Parkinson’s: Researchers conducted deep shotgun sequencing on fecal DNA from 490 PD (& 234 control) cases; Over 30% of species, genes & pathways tested had altered abundances in PD; A large hi-res dataset (Click here to read more about this).
• New retrospective & prospective data provide further support for “studies on antidiabetic drugs as a potential disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s“; Type 2 diabetes treated with any antidiabetic therapy before PD is associated with a delay in its onset (Click here to read more about this).
• “While most of the included studies support the role of diet & dietary patterns in reducing the risk of Parkinson’s or alleviating PD severity, the inconsistent results & need for further evidence necessitate more research” before making diet recommendations (Click here to read more about this).

• More epidemiological data supporting the idea that β2-agonist use is associated with decreased risk of Parkinson’s incidence (Click here to read more about this).
• A new Mendelian randomization study suggests intracranial volume-associated variants either increase the risk of Parkinson’s & decrease the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder & neuroticism OR correlate closely with a confounder (Click here to read more about this).
• An unusual case of a 91-year-old man with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s, but whose autopsy findings showed a ubiquitin-positive astrogliopathy without significant neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (Click here to read more about this).
• New research explores the role of the male-specific Y chromosome in Parkinson’s; They did not find any strong associations between Y-chromosome genetics & PD (Click here to read more about this).
• Further support for repurposing telmisartan for Parkinson’s: Data from the Michael J Fox Foundation’s PPMI database finds angiotensin receptor blockers improved global cognitive function in PD patients with hypertension; No significant effect on α-syn, tau or Aβ in CSF (Click here to read more about this).

• New data finds “a direct relationship between dopaminergic deficit & reward sensitivity in patients with iRBD & suggest that measurement of pupillary responses could be of value in models of risk stratification & disease progression in these individuals” (Click here to read more about this).
• A longitudinal olfactory assessment in individuals with GBA1 mutations (both Gaucher disease & GBA1 mutation carriers with & without Parkinson’s) over a 16-year period; Most individuals without PD maintained stable olfactory scores over time (Click here to read more about this).
• New data identifies a new candidate gene (LRP1B) associated with faster conversion to dementia in Parkinson’s & “suggest that amyloid-targeting therapy may have a role in preventing PD dementia”; Corroborates APOE & GBA variants data (Click here to read more about this).
• “Genetic testing for Parkinson’s should be considered for both early-onset & familial patients alike, & a clinical yield of about 10% in the Caucasian population can be expected” – the summary from a multicenter study of genetic testing for PD (Click here to read more about this).
• New study suggests that early & late age at menarche, higher parity, & artificial menopause (in particular at an early age) are associated with increased Parkinson’s incidence in women; E3N cohort data (N=98,068 women – click here to read more about this).
• New study highlights previously unreported differentially methylated CpG sites offering insights into Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) pathogenesis – with the possibility that some of these could be used as biomarkers of DLB in the future (Click here to read more about this).

• What meta-analysis studies cannot tell us. A state-of-the-art review of the clinical research on menopause & hormone replacement therapy association with Parkinson’s highlights possible sources of conflicting evidence; Considerations for future studies (Click here to read more about this).
• New research reports that plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) may serve as a feasible, non-invasive biomarker of cognitive progression in Parkinson’s; p-tau181 requires further investigation (Click here to read more about this).
• New study offers novel insights into the mechanisms underlying freezing of gait & “demonstrated that structural MRI is a useful tool to monitor Parkinson’s progression” (Click here to read more about this).
• The clinical connectome fingerprint (CCF) was recently introduced as a way to assess brain dynamics. Now researchers report that CCF captures disrupted dynamics in neurodegen. conditions, particularly in predicting motor clinical impairment in Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).
• Researchers present a novel approach to quantifying diverse Parkinson’s patient phenotypes using a continuous scale to derive phenotype axes; Identifies a major influence of neuroinflammation (Click here to read more about this).
• Interesting work in a Nigerian Parkinson’s cohorts supports a role for APOE ε4 & ε2 as risk & protective factors, respectively, for cognitive impairment in PD; APOE ε4 is not associated with disease risk or age of onset (Click here to read more about this).

• Amyloid-associated increases in soluble tau relate to tau aggregation rates & cognitive decline in early Alzheimer’s; Could therapeutic agents reducing soluble p-tau levels be better in early AD? (Click here to read more about this).
• An analysis of nationwide claims databases & registries finds 8.4% of Parkinson’s-related hospitalizations are attributable to comorbidities; Vascular diseases, COPD & peptic ulcer disease show a significant impact on hospitalization (Click here to read more about this).
• Analysis of the effect of mitochondrial genomic variation in 4064 patients with Parkinson’s highlights “mitochondrial macro-haplogroups” associated with cognitive, but NOT motor progression over time; m.2706A>G associated with slower cognitive decline (Click here to read more about this).
• New research explores genome-wide contribution of common short-tandem repeats (STR) to Parkinson’s genetic risk; They identified 34 genome-wide significant STR loci (highlights KANSL1 – click here to read more about this).
• Brain imaging data indicate that microstructural (detected by NODDI-GBSS) but not macrostructural cortical degeneration occurs in Parkinson’s with mild cognitive impairment (Click here to read more about this).
• New research uses amantadine delayed-release/extended-release clinical trial data to determine minimal clinically important change for the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale total score in people with Parkinson’s & dyskinesias (Click here to read more about this).
• A compelling title – new research suggests that women might require a 25% reduced weight-normalized L-dopa dose compared with men to achieve the same L-dopa bioavailability in Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).

• Systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies reveals inverse associations of genetically predicted milk consumption with asthma, multiple sclerosis, & Alzheimer’s, but positive associations for Parkinson’s, metabolic syndrome, & obesity (Click here to read more about this).
• A large online study explored deficits in time perception to auditory as well as visual stimuli in 292 individuals with Parkinson’s (& 569 controls) – great example of adapting to pandemics! (Click here to read more about this).
• New research explores risk factors, comorbidities, & prodromal symptoms preceded the diagnosis of Parkinson’s in 134K cases of PD (vs 276K controls); Complex picture of “possible early extrastriatal & extracerebral pathology” (Click here to read more about this).
• Researchers provide the first description of hyperkinetic pracoff-state dyskinesia developing during the course of a trophic factor study in Parkinson’s; Mild to moderate severity following repeated intraputamenal GDNF (Click here to read more about this).
• A cohort study of 5499 women who did & did not undergo premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy finds 978 women who underwent oophorectomy before 43 yrs of age had a significantly increased risk of Parkinson’s compared with 978 women who did not undergo the procedure (Click here to read more about this).
• New clinical study with brain imaging suggests that treadmill training “may lead to recruitment of compensatory effects recruited from other brain regions to the motor cortex” in individuals with Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).

 

New clinical trials

• New clinical trial registered: MeiraGTx has registered a new Phase 1/2 trial of subthalamic nuclei AAV-GAD gene therapy for Parkinson’s (N=12; 26 week study – click here to read more about this).

• New clinical trial registered: Researchers will explore whether a year of rasagiline can reduce the progression from idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) to Parkinson’s in 732 participants; Delayed comparator design; 3 year primary endpoint (Click here to read more about this).

Clinical trial news

• A randomized controlled clinical trial of Zonisamide as an add-on in tremor-dominant Parkinson’s finds no significant improvement in tremor with Zonisamide (vs placebo), but does show a trend for greater improvement (Click here to read more about this).
• New Alzheimer’s drug Lecanemab was reported to slow cognitive decline (18-month change in CDR-SB) by 27%, drastically lowers brain amyloid load by 59 centiloids to 23 (below PET amyloid positivity – click here to read more about this and click here to read the press release).
• Results of Abbvie’s Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, 12-week active-controlled trial exploring the safety & efficacy of continuous subcutaneous foslevodopa-foscarbidopa in patients with advanced Parkinson’s have been published; Improves motor fluctuations (Click here to read more about this).

• A pilot Phase II double-blind, randomized study reports that burst trans-spinal magnetic stimulation provided significant pain relief & improved the global impression of change in 26 people with Parkinson’s (NCT04546529 – click here to read more about this).
• A randomized controlled study finds that insoles with a toe-grip bar may improve balance & walking function in patients with Parkinson’s (Click here to read more about this).

Conferences/lectures

• LATSIS SYMPOSIUM 2022: Towards Patient-Centered Research and Therapies For Neurodegenerative Diseases

 

Other news

• The US FDA issued a ‘Clinical Hold’ on the Inhibikase Therapeutics‘ IkT-148009 program in Parkinson’s & the use of IkT-148009 in MSA; IkT-148009 is a cABL inhibitor designed specifically for CNS conditions (Click here to read more about this).
• Roche announces that their Phase III GRADUATE studies of gantenerumab did not meet their primary endpoints of slowing clinical decline in people with early Alzheimer’s (Click here to read more about this).

• Metabolon Inc announces a new collaboration with Parkinson’s UK’s “Tracking Parkinson’s” (the UK PRoBaND study) to identify new metabolomic biomarkers & track biological changes over time to better understand Parkinson’s pathogenesis (Click here to read more about this).
• Korean biotech firm AptaBio will be presenting the preclinical treatment effect of APX-NEW (an oxidative stress drug being developed for Parkinson’s) at an upcoming research meeting; The agent inhibits neuronal cell death by regulating NOX in the brain (Click here to read more about this).
• “All outstanding work, in art as well as science, results from immense zeal applied to a great idea” – Cajal Neuroscience launches with US$96M in series A financing, seeking to transform target & drug discovery in Parkinson’s & Alzheimer’s (Click here to read more about this).
• NRG Therapeutics announces £16 million in Series A funding to advance their novel mitochondrial therapeutics for Parkinson’s & ALS; Led by Omega Funds, joined by Brandon Capital & Parkinson’s UK‘s Virtual Biotech (Click here to read more about this).

Review articles/videos

And there it is, just some of the highlights from November 2022 – another very busy month of Parkinson’s research. Hopefully there will be bits and pieces of interest for everyone in the list. Much of the material used here was collected from the Science of Parkinson’s Twitter feed (and there is a lot more posted there each day).

Any thoughts/feedback would be greatly appreciated (either in the comments below, or contact me directly).

And now: on to December!!!

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You can do whatever you like with it!

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EDITOR’S NOTE: The author of this post is an employee of Cure Parkinson’s, so he might be a little bit biased in his views on research and clinical trials supported by the trust. That said, the trust has not requested the production of this post, and the author is sharing it simply because it may be of interest to the Parkinson’s community.

The information provided by the SoPD website is for information and educational purposes only. Under no circumstances should it ever be considered medical or actionable advice. It is provided by research scientists, not medical practitioners. Any actions taken – based on what has been read on the website – are the sole responsibility of the reader. Any actions being contemplated by readers should firstly be discussed with a qualified healthcare professional who is aware of your medical history. While some of the information discussed in this post may cause concern, please speak with your medical physician before attempting any change in an existing treatment regime.

In addition, many of the companies mentioned in this post are publicly traded companies. That said, the material presented on this page should under no circumstances be considered financial advice. Any actions taken by the reader based on reading this material is the sole responsibility of the reader. None of the companies have requested that this material be produced, nor has the author had any contact with any of the companies or associated parties. This post has been produced for educational purposes only.

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